Polypharmacy: A Prevailing but Neglected Drug Use Issue

With the advancement in medical science, pharmaceutical industry has come up with solutions to countless health related issues. One can easily find treatment for all the ailments, be it prophylactic or curative. Also, with advancement, growth has been seen in the diversity and prevalence of medical problems. People from all age groups are suffering from varying conditions and are taking multiple medications for the same. This phenomenon called polypharmacy has been associated with multimorbidity and is counted as an important risk factor for poor outcomes

Genetic divergence studies in clusterbean [Cyamopsis Tetragoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes for seed yield and gum content under rain-fed conditions

The genetic diversity among 33 cluster bean genotypes was evaluated under rain fed conditions during kharif 2012. The genetic material exhibited wide range of genetic diversity for all the twelve characters investigated. All the genotypes were grouped into seven different clusters. Cluster I was the largest comprising 11 genotypes followed by cluster II consisting of 8 genotypes, cluster V (5), cluster VI (4), cluster IV (2), cluster VII (2), cluster III (1). The clustering pattern indicated that there was lot of diversity among the genotypes and there was no relationship and independent. The intra cluster distance was highest at cluster VI followed by cluster I and II over others. The between the genetic and geographical diversity of the genotypes, but the distribution of the genotypes was random higher magnitude of inter-cluster distance were observed between cluster IV and VI (7.644) followed by cluster IV and cluster III and IV (5.861) and cluster II and V (5.834) indicating wider genetic diversity between the genotypes in V (7.582); cluster II and IV (6.802); cluster IV and VII (6.682); cluster I and IV (6.569); cluster II and VII (6.052); likely to produce more transgressive segregants. It is suggested that genotypes belonging to the clusters I, IV and VII these clusters. The uses of genotypes in hybridization from these clusters having most of the desirable characters are having diversified growth habit may be crossed with genotypes belonging to cluster II as they may be expected to produce good segregants with high yield potential

Varestraint Weldability Testing of Cast Superalloys

Precipitation hardened Ni- and Ni-Fe- based superalloys, used in hot structural components for aero engines, are subjected to hot cracking phenomena during manufacturing and specifically in welding. This type of cracking involves metallurgical reactions from the liquid phase in concomitance to weld restraints. Hot cracking is more pronounced during the welding of cast superalloys compared to its wrought counterparts owing to the larger inhomogeneity in the cast material. Cast structural components must therefore undergo a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment prior to welding for closing any pores from the casting process and homogenizing the material. The current study is about the effect of two HIP treatments commonly employed in the aerospace industry on the weldability of the cast Alloy 718. Moreover, the weldability of the recently introduced cast version of ATI\uae 718PlusTM is also addressed, including the assessment of five different pseudo-HIP treatments and the weldability of the two cast superalloys is compared. Testing was conducted using the Varestraint (Variable-Restraint) weldability testing technique, where test plates were welded by a robot and at the same time bended to achieve external restraint. Welding and test parameters were the same for all the conditions. The hot cracking susceptibility of cast Alloy 718 was found to be worse with increasing HIP treatment temperature. It was found that HIP treatment conducted at 1190\ub0C/4h gave higher crack susceptibility than the one at 1120\ub0C/4h. Cast ATI\uae 718PlusTM was heat treated using short dwell heat treatments for 4h at 1120\ub0C, 1160\ub0C and 1190\ub0C and long dwell heat treatments for 24h at both 1120\ub0C and 1190\ub0C, respectively. The cracking susceptibility was found to be related to the heat treatment dwell time rather than the temperature. The heat treatment at 4h dwell time exhibited lower amount of cracking than the 24h dwell heat treatment. Considering the comparative heat treatments at 1120\ub0C/4h and 1190\ub0C/4h, the new cast superalloy ATI\uae 718PlusTM was found to have lower cracking susceptibility than the cast Alloy 718

Quantile-based reliability analysis and design in slope stability

The study and analysis of slopes are essential for understanding their performance and, in particular, their stability, reliability, and deformations. Traditional slope stability analysis involves predicting the location of the critical slip surface for a given slope and computing a safety factor at that location, which belongs to the deterministic frame. It is found that multiple sources of uncertainties often exist in the evaluation of slope stability. When assessing the stability of slopes in the face of risks, it is desirable, and sometimes necessary, to adopt reliability-based approaches that consider these uncertainties explicitly. The thesis develops an efficient methodology of soil modeling using maximum entropy based quantile distribution constrained by probability weighted moments, conducts field vane shear soil testing in the Nipigon river area and establishes the soil strength models. The research proposes a new reliability-based method to study the stability of the Nipigon river slope and carries out a reliability-based design of slopes by combining quantile-based reliability and multi-objective optimization. In general, the probability distribution describes the randomness of soil parameters collected empirically or tested by the few numbers of collected soil samples. However, the substantial effect of sample size on the estimation of random properties of the soil strength requires an extensive data to explore uncertainties, which is uneconomical and sometimes impossible to obtain. This study aims to consolidate recent advancement in probabilistic characterization and develops an inverse cumulative distribution function (ICDF) or quantile distribution, for direct quantification of the actual variability of various soil samples. Based on the analysis, a framework is developed that streamlines the formulation of probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) based distribution function for various soil properties when estimated using different field or laboratory tests, leading to a reliable procedure for applications of the proposed framework to different site characterization problems. Examples are provided to illustrate the implementation and step-by-step procedures of the proposed framework. This research further extends the reliability approach for slope stability problems and utilizes the first-order reliability method (FORM) with quantiles for improving the efficiency of the FORM with relatively small samples. Reliability analysis is combined with deterministic slope stability analysis and implemented using an efficient algorithm. The analysis is validated through comparison with other reliability methods and used to explore the effect of variability of the soil properties on slope system. It is found that, when variability of soil properties is defined by assuming a conventional distribution, the variance of factor of safety is overestimated or underestimated. The approach not only provides sufficiently accurate reliability estimates of slope stability but also significantly improves the computational efficiency of soil slope design in comparison with conventional design methods

Reinterpreting Fundamental Plane Correlations with Machine Learning

This work explores the relationships between galaxy sizes and related observable galaxy properties in a large volume cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. The objectives of this work are to both develop a better understanding of the correlations between galaxy properties and the influence of environment on galaxy physics in order to build an improved model for the galaxy sizes, building off of the {\it fundamental plane}. With an accurate intrinsic galaxy size predictor, the residuals in the observed galaxy sizes can potentially be used for multiple cosmological applications, including making measurements of galaxy velocities in spectroscopic samples, estimating the rate of cosmic expansion, and constraining the uncertainties in the photometric redshifts of galaxies. Using projection pursuit regression, the model accurately predicts intrinsic galaxy sizes and have residuals which have limited correlation with galaxy properties. The model decreases the spatial correlation of galaxy size residuals by a factor of $\sim$ 5 at small scales compared to the baseline correlation when the mean size is used as a predictor.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, MNRA

Anthropometric Characteristics and Somatotype of Elite Indian Boxers

Introduction: Limited research exists on the anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of elite Indian male boxers, motivating this study to fill the gap and provide insights into the variations across weight categories for talent identification and performance enhancement in Indian boxing. The study aimed to examine variations in anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of elite Indian boxers in three different weight categories: light weight boxers (< 60 kg), middle weight boxers (61-74 kg), and heavy weight boxers (> 75 kg). Methods: Data were collected from 35 elite Indian male boxers with age ranges from 19 - 29 years at NSNIS, Patiala during the boxing national camp 2021. Anthropometric variables were measured following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) standardized methods, Heath and Carter’s somatotype equation were used for somatotype calculation. Results: Mean height, weight and somatotype of the elite Indian male boxers were 175.2 ± 8.4, 69 ± 15.3 and 2.3 ± 1.0 – 4.9 ± 0.9 – 2.9 ± 1.1 respectively. Conclusions:  Light weight boxers are ectomorphic mesomorph, middle weight boxers are balanced mesomorph and heavy weight boxers are endomorphic mesomorph with greater height and BMI.Introducción: existe una investigación limitada sobre las características antropométricas y los somatotipos de los boxeadores masculinos indios de élite, lo que motiva este estudio para llenar el vacío y proporcionar información sobre las variaciones entre las categorías de peso para la identificación de talentos y la mejora del rendimiento en el boxeo indio. El estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las variaciones en las características antropométricas y los somatotipos de los boxeadores indios de élite en tres categorías de peso diferentes: boxeadores de peso ligero (< 60 kg), boxeadores de peso medio (61-74 kg) y boxeadores de peso pesado (> 75 kg). Métodos: se recopilaron datos de 35 boxeadores indios de élite con rangos de edad de 19 a 29 años en NSNIS, Patiala durante el campamento nacional de boxeo 2021. Las variables antropométricas se midieron siguiendo los métodos estandarizados de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK), Heath y la ecuación de somatotipo de Carter se utilizaron para el cálculo del somatotipo. Resultados: La altura, el peso y el somatotipo medios de los boxeadores masculinos indios de élite fueron 175,2 ± 8,4, 69 ± 15,3 y 2,3 ± 1,0 – 4,9 ± 0,9 – 2,9 ± 1,1 respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los boxeadores de peso ligero son mesomorfos ectomorfos, los boxeadores de peso medio son mesomorfos equilibrados y los boxeadores de peso pesado son mesomorfos endomórficos con mayor talla e IMC